-(*
+(*
+\ 5h1\ 6Matita Interactive Tutorial\ 5/h1\ 6
This is an interactive tutorial. To let you interact on line with the system,
you must first of all register yourself.
previously selected by the user; the bottom button execute the whole script.
That's it: we are\ 5span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"\ 6 \ 5/span\ 6now ready to start.
-The first thing to say is that in a system like Matita's very few things are
-built-in: not even booleans or logical connectives. The main philosophy of the
-system is to let you define your own data-types and functions using a powerful
-computational mechanism based on the declaration of inductive types.
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Data types, functions and theorems\ 5/h2\ 6
+Matita is both a programming language and a theorem proving environment:
+you define datatypes and programs, and then prove properties on them.
+Very few things are built-in: not even booleans or logical connectives
+(but you may of course use libraries, as in normal programming languages).
+The main philosophy of the system is to let you define your own data-types
+and functions using a powerful computational mechanism based on the
+declaration of inductive types.
Let us start this tutorial with a simple example based on the following well
known problem.
-\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6The goat, the wolf and the cabbage\ 5/h2\ 6
+\ 5b\ 6The goat, the wolf and the cabbage\ 5/b\ 6
A farmer need to transfer a goat, a wolf and a cabbage across a river, but there
is only one place available on his boat. Furthermore, the goat will eat the
cabbage if they are left alone on the same bank, and similarly the wolf will eat
lemma east_to_west : \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opposite.def(1)"\ 6opposite\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a title="leibnitz's equality" href="cic:/fakeuri.def(1)"\ 6=\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6.
-(* If you stop the execution here you will see a new window on the right side
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6The goal window\ 5/h2\ 6
+If you stop the execution here you will see a new window on the right side
of the screen: it is the goal window, providing a sequent like representation of
the form
lemma west_to_east : \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opposite.def(1)"\ 6opposite\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a title="leibnitz's equality" href="cic:/fakeuri.def(1)"\ 6=\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6.
// qed.
-(* A slightly more complex problem consists in proving that opposite is
-idempotent *)
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Introduction\ 5/h2\ 6
+A slightly more complex problem consists in proving that opposite is idempotent *)
lemma idempotent_opposite : ∀x. \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opposite.def(1)"\ 6opposite\ 5/a\ 6 (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opposite.def(1)"\ 6opposite\ 5/a\ 6 x) \ 5a title="leibnitz's equality" href="cic:/fakeuri.def(1)"\ 6=\ 5/a\ 6 x.
(* See the effect of the execution in the goal window on the right: b has been
added to the context (replacing x in the conclusion); moreover its implicit type
"bank" has been made explicit.
+*)
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Case analysis\ 5/h2\ 6
But how are we supposed to proceed, now? Simplification cannot help us, since b
is a variable: just try to call normalize and you will see that it has no effect.
The point is that we must proceed by cases according to the possible values of b,
// qed.
-(* Instead of working with functions, it is sometimes convenient to work with
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Predicates\ 5/h2\ 6
+Instead of working with functions, it is sometimes convenient to work with
predicates. For instance, instead of defining a function computing the opposite
bank, we could declare a predicate stating when two banks are opposite to each
other. Only two cases are possible, leading naturally to the following
(* In precisely the same way as "bank" is the smallest type containing east and
west, opp is the smallest predicate containing the two sub-cases east_west and
weast_east. If you have some familiarity with Prolog, you may look at opp as the
-predicate definined by the two clauses - in this case, the two facts -
+predicate defined by the two clauses - in this case, the two facts - ast_west and
+west_east.
Between opp and opposite we have the following relation:
opp a b iff a = opposite b
cases oppab // qed.
-(* Let us come to the opposite direction. *)
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Rewriting\ 5/h2\ 6
+Let us come to the opposite direction. *)
lemma opposite_to_opp: ∀a,b. a \ 5a title="leibnitz's equality" href="cic:/fakeuri.def(1)"\ 6=\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opposite.def(1)"\ 6opposite\ 5/a\ 6 b → \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6opp\ 5/a\ 6 a b.
cases b // qed.
(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Records\ 5/h2\ 6
It is time to proceed with our formalization of the farmer's problem.
A state of the system is defined by the position of four item: the goat, the
wolf, the cabbage, and the boat. The simplest way to declare such a data type
| one : ∀x,y.\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6move\ 5/a\ 6 x y → reachable x y
| more : ∀x,z,y. \ 5span style="text-decoration: underline;"\ 6\ 5/span\ 6reachable x z → \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6safe_state\ 5/a\ 6 z → \ 5span style="text-decoration: underline;"\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6move\ 5/a\ 6 z y → reachable x y.
-(* Remarkably, Matita is now able to solve the problem by itslef, provided
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Automation\ 5/h2\ 6
+Remarkably, Matita is now able to solve the problem by itslef, provided
you allow automation to exploit more resources. The command /n/ is similar to
//, where n is a measure of this complexity: in particular it is a bound to
the depth of the expected proof tree (more precisely, to the number of nested
The magic number to let automation work is, in this case, 9. *)
lemma problem: \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6reachable\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/start.def(1)"\ 6start\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/end.def(1)"\ 6end\ 5/a\ 6.
-normalize /9/ qed.
+normalize /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 69\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,1,0)"\ 6one\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,1,0)"\ 6with_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,2,0)"\ 6opposite_side\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,1,0)"\ 6move_goat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,2,0)"\ 6move_wolf\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,3,0)"\ 6move_cabbage\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,4,0)"\ 6move_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west_east\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/ qed.
-(* Let us now try to derive the proof in a more interactive way. Of course, we
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Application\ 5/h2\ 6
+Let us now try to derive the proof in a more interactive way. Of course, we
expect to need several moves to transfer all items from a bank to the other, so
-we should start our proof by applying "more".
+we should start our proof by applying "more". Matita syntax for invoking the
+application of a property named foo is to write "@foo". In general, the philosophy
+of Matita is to describe each proof of a property P as a structured collection of
+objects involved in the proof, prefixed by simple modalities (#,<,@,...) explaining
+the way it is actually used (e.g. for introduction, rewriting, in an applicative
+step, and so on).
*)
lemma problem1: \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.ind(1,0,0)"\ 6reachable\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/start.def(1)"\ 6start\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/end.def(1)"\ 6end\ 5/a\ 6.
normalize @\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6
-(* We have now four open subgoals:
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Focusing\ 5/h2\ 6
+After performing the previous application, we have four open subgoals:
X : STATE
Y : reachable [east,east,east,east] X
refocus on the skipped goal, going back to a situation similar to the one we
started with. *)
- | /2/ ]
+ | /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,1,0)"\ 6move_goat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/ ]
-(* Let us perform the next step, namely moving back the boat, in a sligtly
+(*
+\ 5h2 class="section"\ 6Implicit arguments\ 5/h2\ 6
+Let us perform the next step, namely moving back the boat, in a sligtly
different way. The more operation expects as second argument the new
intermediate state, hence instead of applying more we can apply this term
already instatated on the next intermediate state. As first argument, we
trivial. We\ 5span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"\ 6 \ 5/span\ 6can just apply automation to all of them, and it will close the two
trivial goals. *)
-/2/
+/\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,2,0)"\ 6opposite_side\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,4,0)"\ 6move_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west_east\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/
(* Let us come to the next step, that consists in moving the wolf. Suppose that
instead of specifying the next intermediate state, we prefer to specify the next
the fourth subgoal, and explicitly instatiate it. Instead of repeatedly using "|",
we can perform focusing by typing "4:" as described by the following command. *)
-[4: @\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6] /2/
+[4: @\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6] /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,1,0)"\ 6with_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/
(* Alternatively, we can directly instantiate the bank into the move. Let
us complete the proof in this, very readable way. *)
-@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,1,0)"\ 6move_goat\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /2/
-@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,3,0)"\ 6move_cabbage\ 5/a\ 6 ?? \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /2/
-@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,4,0)"\ 6move_boat\ 5/a\ 6 ??? \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /2/
-@\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,1,0)"\ 6one\ 5/a\ 6 /2/ qed.
\ No newline at end of file
+@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,1,0)"\ 6move_goat\ 5/a\ 6 \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,1,0)"\ 6with_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west_east\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/
+@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,3,0)"\ 6move_cabbage\ 5/a\ 6 ?? \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,2,0)"\ 6opposite_side\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west_east\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/
+@(\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,2,0)"\ 6more\ 5/a\ 6 … (\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,4,0)"\ 6move_boat\ 5/a\ 6 ??? \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/bank.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west\ 5/a\ 6 … )) /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/safe_state.con(0,1,0)"\ 6with_boat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,2,0)"\ 6west_east\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/
+@\ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/reachable.con(0,1,0)"\ 6one\ 5/a\ 6 /\ 5span class="autotactic"\ 62\ 5span class="autotrace"\ 6 trace \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/move.con(0,1,0)"\ 6move_goat\ 5/a\ 6, \ 5a href="cic:/matita/tutorial/chapter1/opp.con(0,1,0)"\ 6east_west\ 5/a\ 6\ 5/span\ 6\ 5/span\ 6/ qed.
\ No newline at end of file
projects / helm.git / blobdiff